China, Pakistan & Iran hold Trilateral Meeting to Deal with Terrorism

China, Pakistan and Iran: The Trilateral Alliance to Fight Terrorism in the Middle East

Iranian Border Guards Along the Iran-Pakistan Border

In recent years, China's investments in the Middle East have become a primary target for terrorism. Just weeks ago, Pakistani police forcefully closed businesses out of fear that they could be potential targets for terror attacks. For Pakistan and Iran, the Islamic State and the Taliban pose the greatest threats to stability within their respective countries, as these groups continue to wreak havoc in the Middle East.

On June 7th, a meeting was scheduled in Beijing, where China aimed to find a resolution to the terror attacks. As mentioned earlier, Chinese investments and assets are frequently targeted by terrorist organisations in these countries. The trilateral meeting between the countries marks the beginning of a new anti-terror alliance. One of the key agenda items is the security crisis in the Pakistani region of Baluchistan, which is crucial for China's multi-billion-dollar economic corridor. Baluchistan is also rich in natural resources, making it an area of interest for economic development. However, the region is plagued by extreme poverty, crime, and insurgency. Combating terrorism in the area is challenging, as many terrorist operatives cross the border into Iran to evade persecution.

The Iranian province that shares a border with Baluchistan, Sistan-Baluchistan, also grapples with insurgency problems. Iranian Shiite government forces are currently engaged in fighting against several Sunni militant groups, which have carried out a number of attacks across the country. Iran asserts that Pakistan is not doing enough to curtail Sunni militancy.

Despite accusations of insufficient action from both sides, Iran and Pakistan maintain close diplomatic relations. In the past month, the leaders of both countries met at their shared border to inaugurate a new market and powerline. With China holding significant economic investments in both countries, this new alliance appears to be mutually beneficial. China's investments can now receive protection from terrorism, while Iran and Pakistan can address the growing threat of terrorism within their borders. The Taliban-controlled Afghanistan poses a major obstacle for the alliance, as it is believed to harbour and assist Al-Qaeda-aligned groups. Reports suggest that multiple key members of these groups hold influential positions within the Afghan government.

Afghanistan is the New Breeding Ground for Terrorism 

Afghan-Taliban Counter-Terror Forces

Since the Taliban regime took control of Afghanistan, the country has become a breeding ground for terrorism. Groups like Islamic State and other smaller terrorist organisations are using this period of instability to destabilise and consolidate their territories. Despite pushback from the Afghan government, especially against the Islamic State, smaller groups are still thriving under the unstable regime. Most notably, Al-Qaeda has strengthened its relationship with the Taliban government, allowing the core terror group to operate without persecution. The Taliban still have around three to four thousand foreign fighters working for the group, mostly from Pakistan and Central Asia. The flow of foreign fighters entering the country seems to have slowed. It appears that the Taliban government has been issuing valid passports to members of terror groups, including Al-Qaeda. These passports give terror operatives new identities, allowing them to travel internationally for recruitment. The vending of these false identities and the capability of international travel creates a wall of protection for terror operatives, making it harder for intelligence services to effectively identify them.

While the Taliban government has its terrorist allies, it also has a fair few enemies within the country. On top of the Islamic State in the Khorasan Province (ISKP), which is extremely active within the country, a report by ISIS indicates that ISKP has been involved in one hundred and eighty-one attacks since 2022. These operations are believed to have caused over one thousand casualties. Additionally, ISKP carries out significant attacks on business and infrastructural targets, including the foreign ministry, the Pakistani embassy, and a hotel where Chinese diplomats were staying. Though these attacks gradually decreased in the winter months, the rate of these attacks was staggering, with them happening so quickly one after another.

ISKP has found itself a new membership base through former Taliban members (from the Haqqani Network), foreign fighters from Pakistan (from the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)), and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU). Through these means, ISKP has hundreds of new fighters who can launch multiple attacks at once, allowing for such a rapid frequency. The European Union Institute for Security Studies (2023) reports that membership for the group has doubled from around two thousand members to just over four thousand. This doubling of membership is not just from former members of other groups but also from previously detained members who escaped during the unrest when the Taliban took over the country. This diverse ISKP complicates counterterrorism for the Taliban, who would not want to anger factions within itself and would want to avoid any intra-factional conflict in the group.

This intra-factional conflict has occurred before in the Taliban, with former members breaking away from the official group to form the National Resistance Front, comprised mostly of former Taliban members and local militias. The NRF still carries out attacks on the governmental Taliban to this day.

ISKP attacks on foreign assets within Afghanistan have brought major international attention, particularly regarding attacks on Pakistani, Chinese, and Russian targets. ISKP targets any government that cooperates with the Taliban government, even launching rocket attacks on Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The constant attacks on Pakistani targets have soured relations between the two countries. Pakistan is not only a major investor in Afghanistan but also faces attacks from a Taliban-aligned group, the TTP. The TTP has been launching insurgency operations against Pakistan since 2014, but recently the group has become extremely well-structured, with a UN report fearing that the group has the potential to be extremely damaging to the Middle East. One worrying possibility is an alliance between the TTP and ISKP. In the past, the TTP had aligned itself with the Islamic State, so it would not be unprecedented. Even though it is operating against Pakistan, the Taliban government of Afghanistan protects the TTP and possibly assists it. Since 2022, the TTP has been strengthened through the re-joining of former splinter groups. This reuniting was facilitated by Al-Qaeda, an ally of the Taliban.

The terrorist issues are not just straining relations with Pakistan but also with China. China's concerns lie with the Taliban government's affiliations with the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) or ETIM for short. ETIM desires to create an independent Uighur Muslim State, which encompasses land from Turkey, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. The Chinese government believes the ETIM group has been influencing the over ten million Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang. The Uighurs are already under intense scrutiny by Chinese law enforcement for potential terror threats. The controlling Taliban have been attempting to influence ETIM fighters, though many security experts fear that these attempts to control the group will only push them closer to ISKP.

The Taliban government in Afghanistan has created a breeding ground for terrorism through its alliances and its enemies. All terror groups aligned with the government are being equipped and given the means for covert international travel, enabling them to recruit and launch attacks internationally. The enemies of the Taliban are consolidating with one another against a common enemy, bolstering terrorism in the Middle East. With significant security vacuums across Africa and the Middle East, it seems that these growing terror organisations can spread their influence. This situation is very similar to the early 2000s, with groups having the opportunity to grow their membership from foreign fighters and merge with other groups, creating large terror organisations.

https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/security-risks-emanating-afghanistan#_the_transnational_dimension__

Leader of the Islamic State Killed by Turkish Special Forces

A few weeks ago, US Central Command announced that an instrumental international IS operative was killed by a drone strike, dealing a huge blow to the terror organisation. Turkish special forces likely put the final nail in the coffin of the Islamic State when they announced that their special forces had killed IS leader Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi in Syria. Announced by President Recep Erdogan, the Turkish intelligence forces initiated the raid in the town of Jindares, in Aleppo, an area occupied by Turkish rebels. Qurashi's headquarters was a small house on the border of the town in a field of olive trees. (www.aljazeera.com, 2023b)

The death of the IS leader comes at a time of uncertainty on the Turkish-Syrian border. Not only is IS still operating, though on a smaller scale than they were in 2014, but there is also friction between the Kurdish Syrian Democratic Force. The group, who receives funds from the US, has been the target of Turkish air raids after an explosion occurred in Istanbul. The Turkish government blamed Kurdish groups and began to launch attacks on the SDF, even threatening ground attacks with troops. The leader of the SDF, per Epstein (2023), believes that the attacks from Turkey will only allow ISIS to thrive. He said, "There is no doubt that Daesh [A province of Islamic State] will benefit more than anyone else from this Turkish offensive."

In recent times, a multifaceted assault on Islamic States from all fronts has crippled the group to near destruction. Not only did the US kill an IS operative who was instrumental in the planning of attacks on Europe, but also counter-terror assaults from the Taliban have killed a senior member of the terror organisation. In late April, Taliban counter-terror operations against IS killed a senior leader of the group unexpectedly. The IS leader, whose identity has not yet been released, planned the Abbey Gate Airport bombing which killed nearly two hundred people, including Afghan civilians and US marines. (www.aljazeera.com, 2023a)

The Taliban may seem like an unlikely ally to the war on terror, but they are currently facing battles across the country with ISIL, the IS province in Afghanistan. The killing of such a high-profile individual may also open up diplomatic avenues for Western governments to begin talks with the Taliban government. It already seems as though the Taliban leadership is split, however, with US Special Envoy for Afghanistan Tom West stating that he mainly deals with officials in Kabul, with the group's more radical leaders based in Kandahar.

Despite all the infighting and ill-relations between these countries, their efforts have crippled the Islamic State. With such high-profile losses in the past few months, it seems that the group will struggle to recover. The group has named Qurashi's replacement, but that seems futile with all the opposition they face.

Reference list

Epstien, J. (2022). US military confirms that another ISIS leader has been killed in Syria, revealing that he was taken out in a raid by local forces. [online] uk.movies.yahoo.com. Available at: https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/us-military-confirms-another-isis-211201491.html?guccounter=1 [Accessed 13 May 2023].

www.aljazeera.com. (2023a). ISIL leader behind Kabul airport bombing killed, Taliban says. [online] Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/25/isil-leader-behind-kabul-airport-bombing-killed-taliban-says?traffic_source=KeepReading [Accessed 13 May 2023].

www.aljazeera.com. (2023b). Suspected ISIL chief killed in Syria, says Turkish president. [online] Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/1/erdogan-says-turkey-has-killed-suspected-isil-leader#:~:text=President%20Erdogan%20discloses%20intelligence%20operation [Accessed 13 May 2023].

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Vision Counterterrorism Newsletter [02/04/2023 to 10/04/2023]

It has been a very hectic and tragic week in counterterrorism with many major incidents occurring. Due to the significance of the events some topics will have seprate, more detailed articles written about them (that will be linked within this newsletter). There will still be a brief summary of events within this newsletter, as well as, wrtite-ups of other news from this week. 

Russian Police at the Scene of the Explosion [Source: NPR]

Suspect Arrested in Russian Blogger Explosion

On April 2nd Russian Military blogger, Vladlen Tatarsky was killed in an explosion in St Petersburg. The rather bizarre explosion seems to have occurred during a meet-up with his subscribers. A woman handed him a gold bust of himself before promptly leaving. Unbeknownst to Tatarsky, the gift he was presented with would explode killing him and injuring 30 others. Tatarsky, real name Maxim Fomin, was extremely popular on Telegram, with over 560,000 followers on the app. The majority of Tatarsky's content was geared toward the ongoing war with Ukraine. The blogger was extremely Pro-Russian and would often travel to the frontlines to film with Russian soldiers. Tatarsky himself was from the disputed Donetsk Region, where he fought for Russian occupation of the area. In more recent times, he became a prominent critic of the Russian Ministry of Defence for their lack of success in the Ukraine war. He would chastise the officers of the war calling them, "untrained idiots". (Sauer and Roth, 2023) The location of this fan meetup also has multiple links to the Pro-Russian movement, including to Yevgeny Prigozhin, leader of the Wagner Paramilitary Group. The Wagner Group has been assisting Russia with their war in Ukraine. The venue also held a weekly discussion called Cyberfront Z, referring to the Z symbol which has become synonymous with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. (Financial Times, 2023) All of these things make Tatarsky and the restaurant a prime location for a Pro-Ukrainian terror attack. However, many think that is not the case and that this may have been perpetrated by the Kremlin itself.

Tatarsky was not just a random blogger but had close links to the Russian Government. Last September, the blogger attended a ceremony at the Kremlin, where Putin laid out Russian annexation plans for Ukraine. Tatarsky was filmed at the event saying, "We’ll conquer everyone, we’ll kill everyone, we’ll loot whoever we need to, and everything will be just as we like it". The Kremlin understood the power of social media in the war and organised a task force to oversee the work of pro-military bloggers. Some believe that the Kremlin was responsible for the explosion. In a similar incident, last year, in August, the daughter of a prominent ultranationalist was killed in an explosion. The Russian Government blamed the Ukrainian Secret Service, others blamed the Kremlin. Some suspect that Tatarsky's criticism of Russia's military leadership was the reason for his assassination. Whilst both sides cast the blame onto one another, Prigozhin, the Wagner Group leader, blamed radical Ukranians, not the state government. 

A video posted to Mash, a Russian law enforcement Telegram group, showed the moment Tatarsky was handed the gold bust, which would later kill him. In the video, a blonde woman gives him the statue. She was quickly identified as Darya Trepova and arrested. The Russian Antiterror Committee believed that she was a member of the Navalny Anti-Corruption Foundation, an anti-Putin organisation. They claim the foundation worked in conjunction with the Ukranian secret service. Ukraine suspects that Trepova had been tricked into committing the attack by the Russian Government. (Sauer, 2023) Only a brief portion of her interrogation has been released, showing no real motive or reasoning by Trepova herself. There has only been speculation by both sides, with Russia claiming it was a Ukranian terror attack and Ukraine believing it was a domestic terror incident. 

We will keep you updated as this story breaks.

Tensions Reach a Boiling Point on the West Bank

Tensions in the West Bank have reached their worst since 2006. After Israeli police raided a Mosque a few days ago, retributory attacks from terror groups have reached a boiling point. This has resulted in multiple missile barrages from both sides. Clashes between Israel and its Arab neighbours have resulted in a new crisis in the Middle East.

The US Kill ISIS Leader in Syria

On the 3rd of April, the US launched a drone strike in Syria that killed its leader Khalid ‘Aydd Ahmad al-Jabouri. Al-Jabouri was key in planning attacks in Europe. Despite this being a huge blow to the organisation, ISIS still poses a large threat in Syria and surrounding Middle Eastern nations. Al-Jabouri was also crucial in organising the ISIS leadership hierarchy. (CENTCOM, 2023) With the death of al-Jabouri, the threat of international attacks from ISIS has diminished immensely. Now, the main focus for counter-terror forces in the middle east will be to launch attacks against national ISIS leaders, minimising the chances of an attack within the country. 

Possibility of an IRA attack

According to Northern Irish Police, there has been intelligence gathered that a terror attack is highly possible over the Easter weekend. This Easter marks 25 years since the groundbreaking Good Friday Agreement was reached. The Easter weekend is extremely significant to the terror issues in Ireland. The Easter Uprising is possibly THE most significant event in all of the Republic of Ireland's history. With this, it's believed an attack is extremely likely this easter weekend. 

More information about the possibility of attack and updates to the situation can be found here:

The raising of the Terror Threat in the UK due to the New IRA: https://visionmilitarynews.blogspot.com/2023/04/vision-counterterrorism-newsletter.html

Possibilty of an Easter Attack: https://visionmilitarynews.blogspot.com/2023/04/will-there-be-new-ira-attack-this.html

British Special Forces investigated for Unlawful Killings in Afghanistan 

After years of legal campaigning, the British Armed Forces have started an investigation into the unlawful killing of Afghan civilians and whether subsequent investigations were carried out properly. This comes after multiple legal challenges from victims' families. Their lawyers allege that 8 Afghans were killed by British Special Forces during a nighttime raid. This new enquiry will investigate all matters involving alleged unlawful killings by the Special Forces from 2010 to 2013. 

These investigations are not only based on the testimony from the victim's families but also from a BBC investigation which found the SAS had killed civilians whilst on night raids. The 2022 report found that the Special Air Service, one of the most prestigious military units in the world, would plant weapons on unlawfully killed civilians to frame them. When presented with this evidence, the Ministry of Defence would refuse to investigate further, arguing that the matters had already been thoroughly examined. Now, it seems like that wasn't the case, with a full reinvestigation of all suspected unlawful killings. 

An independent judge has been assigned to oversee the case. Leigh Day, the law firm representing the families, stated that knowledge of unlawful killings in Afghanistan was well-known but never reported to the military police. (Al Jazeera, 2023) To the families this news is bittersweet. For years they have had to live through such an ordeal and fight against this huge injustice. With this inquiry being opened, hopefully, the families can finally have answers. 

Reference List

Financial Times (2023). Russian pro-war blogger killed in St Petersburg restaurant blast. Financial Times. [online] 2 Apr. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/e0823df3-e5ec-4c44-a111-a0c311e3e107 [Accessed 8 Apr. 2023].

Sauer, P. (2023). Russian pro-war military blogger killed in blast at St Petersburg cafe. The Guardian. [online] 3 Apr. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/02/russian-pro-war-military-blogger-killed-blast-st-petersburg-vladlen-tatarsky [Accessed 8 Apr. 2023].

Sauer, P. and Roth, A. (2023). Russian police arrest woman over bombing that killed pro-war blogger. The Guardian. [online] 3 Apr. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/03/russian-police-arrest-woman-over-bombing-that-killed-pro-war-blogger-vladlen-tatarsky.

U.S. Central Command. (2023). Strike Kills ISIS Leader in Syria. [online] Available at: https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3350738/strike-kills-isis-leader-in-syria/#:~:text=TAMPA%2C%20Fla. [Accessed 8 Apr. 2023].

www.aljazeera.com. (22AD). UK begins inquiry into ‘unlawful killings’ in Afghanistan. [online] Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/22/uk-launches-inquiry-into-british-army-killing-in-afghanistan [Accessed 2 Apr. 2023].

Vision Counterterrorism Newsletter [27/03/2023 to 02/04/2023]

This is the Vision Weekly Counter Terrorism Newsletter. The main aim is to offer up a brief update on counter terror news, as well as updates to former stories. These newsletters supplement other articles written. So, even though topics may overlap, I hope that each can stand independently from one another. 

Threat Level raised in Northern Ireland

Following the killing of a police officer in Northern Ireland, MI5 has decided to raise the threat level there from substantial to severe. A threat of an Irish Republican Army attack in Northern Ireland or the rest of the UK is high according to the authorities. (BBC, 2023) On the 26th of February, DCI John Caldwell was killed outside of a sports centre by two gunmen. The police subsequently arrested six men on terrorism charges, with the suspects likely being affiliated with the IRA. This attack seems to be what pushed the terror level to be raised. 

Following the attack, many Northern Irish citizens took to the streets to campaign against the violence. (Sky News, 2023) Despite these peaceful displays, it seems as if more New IRA attacks are likely. Attacks from other nationalist groups are also expected, mainly from the Army of the Republic, which publicly stated in early March that police officers and their families were now targets. On the 28th of March, the Northern Irish Police Service (PSNI) revealed that they found a large cache of ammunition on a raid at a New IRA compound. The real question many are asking is why now? Not since The Troubles has there been such a high terror threat from the Republic of Ireland.

This new rise in anti-British sentiment is likely due to the poor handling of the Northern Irish border. After the United Kingdom left the European Union, there was a major controversy over the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. According to European law, EU citizens can travel freely across member states' borders. Any border outside of this area is treated as if it was a non-European state. New negotiations surrounding this border may have ignited this new rise in Irish terrorism. 

The major difference between now and The Troubles is that the New IRA does not have any political support. All major political organisations in Northern Ireland completely condemn the actions. In the Republic of Ireland, political parties have disavowed the actions of the group. Ireland's leading party Sien Fien's Vice President stated, "[paramilitary groups] must go". Ireland's Minister of Justice, Simon Harris, stated that the Irish police will monitor the ongoing situation.

The attacks ignited a large response from Northern Irish terror groups like the Ulster Defence Force and the Ulster Defence Association. Retributory attacks from these groups have occurred in the days following the killing of John Caldwell.

Despite the threat level being raised, the people of the UK and Ireland should not fear impending attacks. The scale of these Irish nationalist groups is not as big as they were in the 1980s. Large-scale attacks, like the Andale Centre Bombings, are very unlikely. Both sides are also closely monitoring the situation, wanting to avoid further conflict. 

School Shooting  in Nashville, Tennessee

More information has been revealed about the Nashville Shooter. Many already know about the Nashville Covenant School Shooting, which left seven dead, including the shooter. The perpetrator, Aiden Hale was receiving treatment for mental health issues at the time of the shooting. Despite this, Hale was still able to purchase seven firearms, three of which were used in the shooting itself. Hale had also written a detailed manifesto with detailed drawings of the school, backup locations and follow-up attack plans. According to authorities, Hale was acting alone and was not part of a wider terror group. Despite there being evidence of Hale planning other attacks, he would write a suicide note to a former basketball teammate before the attack, indicating they were expecting to be killed. As a former student at the Covenant School, it's believed the main motive was revenge for his treatment there. (Sky News, 2023) Hale's legal purchase of firearms, despite receiving treatment for mental health issues highlights the issues with the vending of firearms in the US. Congress is already up in arms over the discussions about banning automatic rifles, the kind which Hale used in the attack. 

Chinese Shops Forced to Close in Pakistan

Ongoing issues with Pakistani terror groups attacking Chinese buildings have come to a breaking point. The attacks from separatist groups on Chinese locations have caused a rift in the two countries' burgeoning relationship. China has urged Pakistan to deal with the terror attacks on Chinese buildings within the country. This added pressure from China and the lack of funds within Pakistan have pushed police forces into a corner.

The police force in the city of Karachi has begun closing down Chinese stores to remove the possibility of an attack. This is not unprompted, with counterintelligence believing attacks on Chinese locations in Karachi were imminent. At first, police forces told shops to close, but were met with a lack of cooperation. So, the Karachi Police forcibly closed down the locations. 

A Police Officer in Karachi [Source: Reuters]

These shutdowns are not illegal but allowed under Pakistan's Sindh Security of Vulnerable Establishments Act, which enables the police to forcefully close businesses that are vulnerable to attacks. The Karachi Police will only reopen the locations when sufficient security measures are put in place by the owners. 

Though these measures may seem draconian, the shutdowns come after multiple, devastating attacks on Chinese assets, especially projects apart of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, or CPEC, is a fifty-billion-dollar investment into Pakistan's internal infrastructure, as a part of China's Bejing Belt and Road initiative. Despite this major investment, Pakistani nationalists disliked the growing Chinese influence in Pakistan. The nationalist Baloch Liberation Army perpetrated three attacks on important Chinese buildings, including the Chinese consulate in Karachi. In addition, groups like Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan and ISIS-K also carried out attacks. One notable suicide bombing occurred on a bus carrying Chinese engineers, in 2021. Thirteen were killed which caused the Pakistani Government to pay millions to China to compensate the victim's families. 

The poor security measures for Chinese citizens in Pakistan have caused an outcry. China has asked the Pakistani Government to allow private security forces within the country to protect its citizens, but this has been repeatedly shut down. (Nikkei Asia, 2023) Though terror groups are attempting to disrupt the relationship between the two countries, it seems that China's investments are too huge to just stop completely. So, it seems as if these issues will continue if Pakistan can't eradicate the presence of terrorism.  

The Taliban Arrest Three British men

A UK-based Humanitarian organisation, the Presidium Network, have revealed that three British men are being held by the Taliban in Afghanistan. The charity aims to support communities in crisis and to raise awareness for issues on the international stage. On April 1st, they revealed that one of their workers had been arrested by the Taliban. Only two of the three men have been named, but news sources do have the story behind their arrests. 

A Taliban Fighter in Afghanistan [Source: GettyImages]

Kevin Cornwell, a worker for the Presidium Network, and another unnamed man were arrested together on January 11th. At a later date, 23-year-old Miles Routledge was arrested. Routledge is a social media influencer who is a 'dark tourist', someone who travels to potentially dangerous countries for fun. Two years ago, Routledge was in Afghanistan when the Taliban took control of the country and was extracted by the British Army. The third man is still unknown to both the Presidium Network and the UK Foreign Office. (Sky News, 2023)

The UK Foreign Office is currently attempting to contact all three men. The unstable situation in Afghanistan makes any British person a prime target for the Taliban. The current condition of the men is also unknown. 

Due to this story being ongoing, we keep you all informed, with updates on the Vision Blog. 

References

Nikkei Asia. (n.d.). Pakistan police resort to shutting Chinese shops over terror risk. [online] Available at: https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Terrorism/Pakistan-police-resort-to-shutting-Chinese-shops-over-terror-risk [Accessed 2 Apr. 2023].

Northern Ireland terrorism threat level rises. (2023). BBC News. [online] 28 Mar. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-65096493.

‌Sky News. (n.d.). Nashville school shooting: What we know about killer Audrey Hale. [online] Available at: https://news.sky.com/story/nashville-school-shooting-what-we-know-about-the-killer-so-far-12843858.

Sky News. (n.d.). Sixth man arrested over attempted murder of police officer in Northern Ireland. [online] Available at: https://news.sky.com/story/sixth-man-arrested-over-attempted-murder-of-police-officer-in-northern-ireland-12820326 [Accessed 2 Apr. 2023].

‌Three British men being held by Taliban in Afghanistan. (2023). BBC News. [online] 1 Apr. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65118681 [Accessed 2 Apr. 2023].

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